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Anaphylactic shock, also known as an anaphylactic reaction or anaphylaxis, is a sudden, severe allergic or non-allergic reaction, potentially life-threatening, caused by an allergen entering the body. As a result of anaphylaxis, the so-called strong chemical mediators, affecting primarily the vascular system and smooth muscles.

Anaphylactic shockthat isanaphylactic reactionor otherwiseanaphylaxisis a generalized reaction of the body to due to the release of proteins from one type of white blood cell, causing or aggravating allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis may result from an immune system reaction - an allergic reaction ( allergic shock ) or not related to the immune system - it is a non-allergic (anaphylactoid) reaction.

Anaphylactic shockcan occur not only after being stung by insects, but also, for example, after eating certain products (e.g. peanuts, poppy seeds), taking medications (e.g. aspirin, penicillin), during desensitisation treatment or after vaccination. Sometimes a violent allergic reaction is triggered only by an additional factor, such as intense exercise, overheating or cooling down the body or drinking alcohol.

It is estimated that anaphylactic shock occurs annually in about 1-3% of people, and about 0.5-2% of people will experience it at least once in their lifetime. It is more common in young people and in women.

Anaphylactic shock (anaphylaxis): symptoms

The first symptoms of anaphylaxis appear within a few to several minutes from the contact with the allergen. This can lead to severe anxiety, anxiety, a feeling of pressure and a headache. Other symptoms include tinnitus, paleness, drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate and a weak heart rate, as well as severe shortness of breath, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea.

In the most severe forms (anaphylactic shock), convulsions occur, in which death may occur due to swelling of the laryngeal mucosa and blockage of the respiratory tract. Less severe forms of anaphylaxis include sneezing, itchy throat, skin rash (hives), and feeling short of breath and a slight cough.

Anaphylactic shock(anaphylaxis): causes

Theoretically, it is assumed that almost any protein found in food products can cause an allergic reaction. However, the most common foods that can trigger anaphylaxis include:

  • nuts (pistachio, peanuts, walnuts, hazelnuts or almonds)
  • milk
  • fish and seafood
  • chicken eggs
  • sesame and mustard seeds
  • some vegetables and fruits (especially those with small seeds).

Drugs can also cause anaphylactic reactions. Most often, anaphylaxis is observed after antibiotics - penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and tatracyclines. Anaphylaxis can also be caused by vitamins such as vitamin B1, B12 or folic acid. Contrast agents containing iodine, administered intravenously, e.g. before computed tomography, are also often allergenic.

Anaphylaxis is also caused by an allergic reaction to the venom of insects, especially bees and wasps, hornets and ants.

In addition, anaphylactic shock may occur after administration of vaccines and sera, e.g. it may be caused by: allergen immunotherapy (so-called desensitization - especially given in the form of subcutaneous injections), anti-tetanus serum, antiviral vaccines. It also happens as a result of transfusion of blood or blood products (usually by mistake of an incompatible preparation).

Among other causes of anaphylactic shock, experts most often mention cold or heat, exercise and stress.

About 1/3 of people who experienced anaphylactic shock cannot find the cause of the anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis is the most severe type of allergy. May be life threatening

Anaphylactic shock (anaphylaxis): treatment

If symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction occur, treatment should be started immediately. First remove the source of the allergen, and then epinephrine must be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously (in the event of anaphylactic shock, it is recommended to be administered by intravenous infusion). The outer thigh is the most preferred injection site. The injection can also be given through clothing.

The next stage is the administration of 1st generation antihistamines. The proper functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems should also be maintained. If the patient is unconscious, an ambulance should be called immediately.

How to protect yourself from an anaphylactic reaction?

In order to avoid anaphylactic reactions, avoid allergenic substances and, above all, pay attention to the composition of the food, especially ifyou know that you are allergic to some products. It's a good idea to do skin tests to find out what products you should avoid. If you are severely allergic, you should always carry an adrenaline pre-filled syringe and a pendant or bracelet with information about the substances to which you are allergic. It is also good to undergo desensitization treatments.

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Category:

Allergies