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Normal urine analysis (urinalysis) provides valuable information not only about the functioning of the urinary system, but also about the work of many other important organs. How do I take urine for testing and what are the correct urine test results?

Forurine testwe give a portion of morning urine (at least 5 hours after the last pee). Collect the middle stream in an amount of approx. 100-150 ml. The best vessel is a sterile plastic container bought at a pharmacy (costs about PLN 1.50) with a tight lid. Certain rules must be followed to avoid contamination of the urine and the false results. Women should wash the opening of the urethra with a mild agent (e.g. intimate hygiene liquid) after opening the labia. They cannot collect urine during or just before or immediately after menstruation. Men need to clean the glans penis (after retracting the foreskin). It is essential that the sample is returned to the laboratory quickly. If this is not possible, the filled container should be kept in the refrigerator. General urine analysis is a popular and inexpensive test.The result of the urine testis obtained after a few hours. The laboratory technician places a test tube with urine in a centrifuge to separate liquid from solid elements (i.e. sediment).

Urinalysis results: elements of chemical urine analysis

Hue and clarity - straw color is correct. After drinking plenty of fluidsurinebecomes almost colorless; when drinking little, it is very yellow in color. May become colored after food (e.g. pink after beets) or medication (orange after B vitamins). When it is dark like strong tea, you may suspect jaundice or kidney stones or bladder stones. Urine should be clear. Cloudy may mean purulent inflammation of the urinary tract Specific gravity - within: 1.016-1.022 kg / l. A value close to the weight of water (1,000 kg / l) may be a symptom of the onset of renal failure. Reaction - slightly acidic, i.e. pH 5.5. An alkaline reaction indicates a urinary tract infection or kidney stones. The best way to acidify your urine is by taking vitamin C or drinking cranberry juice. Glucose (sugar) - its presence signals that diabetes is poorly treated. Protein - should not be in your urine. Its trace appears most often during illness with fever, after strenuous exercisephysical. If the proteinuria lasts longer, you must find out why. It can be kidney stones or inflammation of the urinary tract. Bilirubin - its presence in the urine signals liver failure, biliary obstruction (mechanical jaundice), and infectious jaundice. Urobilinogen - should not be excreted in an amount greater than 0.1 mg per day (up to 4 mg per day). Increased single excretion may signal damage to the liver parenchyma (cirrhosis) or jaundice. Ketone bodies - even a small amount of them indicates poorly treated or untreated diabetes, kidney failure, malnutrition. They also occur after a lot of physical exertion.

Urine test results: sediment components examined under the microscope

Epithelium - less than 5. Higher numbers may indicate inflammation of the urinary tract. White blood cells (leukocytes) - no more than 1-5 in the field of view. If there are more than 10, they may be a sign of bacterial urinary tract infection. Must be inoculated. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - no more than 1-3 in the field of view. An increased number indicates ailments: a defect or tumor of the urinary system, damage to the parenchyma of the kidneys or the urinary drainage system, nephrolithiasis, liver cirrhosis, blood coagulation disorders, tuberculosis. Rolls (glassy, ​​coarse or fine, waxy) - their presence may indicate serious damage to the flesh kidney. Further diagnostics needed. Minerals, i.e. crystals (uric acid, urate or calcium oxalate) - a level above 10 indicates the risk of kidney or bladder stones.

Important

In a matter of minutes, you can have your urine tested at your doctor's doctor with test strips. The strips coated with the appropriate substances are immersed in the urine sample. Discoloration of the strip indicates abnormal urine, levels of protein, acetone (ketone bodies), glucose, bilirubin, and blood. The detected irregularities (as in the general examination) should be further investigated by other methods. Stripe tests are not very popular with us.

Urine culture

If the urine test result is abnormal and, for example, indicates an infection, and in addition there are characteristic symptoms, the urine culture is usually performed. Its purpose is to identify the bacteria that caused the infection and to prepare an antibiogram to select the appropriate antibiotic. The entire study takes several days. The urine poured onto the plate with the culture medium remains in the incubator until the bacteria multiply and form colonies. The most common bacteria are: Escherichia Coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterokok. The test result includes the name of the bacteria as wellinformation about its concentration in milliliters of urine and sensitivity to specific antibiotics. If the general examination shows a significant number of leukocytes and the patient has symptoms of infection and the culture test is negative, it may suggest infection with mycobacteria or fungi. Then it is necessary to perform inoculation on special media. You can wait up to several weeks for the results. The urinating vessel must be carefully sterilized, so it is taken from the laboratory where the culture will be performed.

You must do it

Daily urine collection

The daily collection of urine is quite tedious. On average, we excrete 0.6-2 liters per day, so you need to prepare an appropriate-sized vessel (preferably with a scale) and follow the rules:

  • The vessel should be glass and clean, but not sterilized.
  • We start in the morning: after getting out of bed, empty the bladder to the toilet, but put the next portion in the vessel. We collect urine throughout the day and night, including the first morning portion the next day.
  • On the day of the collection, we eat and drink the same and the same as usual.
  • The amount of urinated urine per day must be carefully measured, not just by eye, and note it down.
  • We provide a small amount of urine (approx. 200 ml) for testing. On the patch that we stick on the container, write: name, surname, date and volume of urine collected during the day (e.g. 1252 ml).

Daily urine collection

Thanks to the examination of the daily urine collection, it is possible to determine how much of a given substance is excreted within 24 hours. It happens that in one portion of urine there is more of it, in another less. So if, for example, there is protein in the sample submitted for general examination, the doctor orders a daily collection and checks how much protein we excrete during the day. This result is important as it may indicate, for example, damage to the renal glomeruli. The amount of sugar and rolls works in a similar way. Most often, however, it is necessary to check how much calcium, sodium, potassium and phosphorus "escapes" with the urine. It is helpful in the treatment of kidney stones as well as osteoporosis.

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