- Gynecological tumors - cervical cancer
- Gynecological tumors - endometrial cancer
- Gynecological tumors - uterine sarcomas
- Gynecological tumors - ovarian cancer
- Gynecological neoplasms - germ cell tumors of the ovary
- Gynecological neoplasms - gonadal neoplasms
- Gynecological tumors - vaginal cancer
- Gynecological tumors - vaginal sarcoma
- Gynecological tumors - cancer of the vulva
- Gynecological tumors - vulvar melanoma
- Gynecological tumors - acinar moles
- Gynecological tumors - chorionic cancer
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Gynecological neoplasms are divided into, among others, ovarian, endometrial, fallopian tube, cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer. Gynecological neoplasms are a very diverse group, and due to the location of the cancer, symptoms may vary.
Gynecological neoplasmsdue to their location, they are divided into vulvar, vaginal, cervical, uterine, fallopian, ovarian and trophoblast neoplasms. Gynecological neoplasms can also be classified into neoplasms derived from epithelial cells (cancer) and connective tissue neoplasms (sarcomas). Another group consists of neoplasms developing inside the ovary that are neither carcinomas nor sarcomas.
Contents:
- Gynecological tumors - cervical cancer
- Gynecological tumors - endometrial cancer
- Gynecological tumors - uterine sarcomas
- Gynecological tumors - ovarian cancer
- Gynecological neoplasms - germ cell tumors of the ovary
- Gynecological neoplasms - gonadal neoplasms
- Gynecological tumors - vaginal cancer
- Gynecological tumors - cancer of the vulva
- Gynecological tumors - vulvar melanoma
- Gynecological tumors - acinar moles
- Gynecological tumors - chorionic cancer
There are many gynecological neoplasms. The most common of them are described below, together with the symptoms and treatment options that modern medicine offers.
Gynecological tumors - cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is the most common genital cancer in the world. In developed countries, it is found less and less frequently due to the prophylaxis. The HPV vaccine is effective against human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18. Virus types 16 and 18 are oncogenic and are responsible for 70 percent of cervical cancer cases worldwide.
Cervical cancer is most common in postmenopausal women, but infection with the human papillomavirus is the most important risk factor.
Cervical cancer - prevention
Prevention of cervical cancer is aboutconducting screening programs, thanks to which it is possible to detect precancerous lesions early. A Pap smear is a simple screening test. Its result may enable the diagnosis of the precancerous condition and the rapid implementation of treatment.
Pre-cancerous conditions include low (CIN 1), medium (CIN 2) and high (CIN 3) grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Only low grade neoplasia does not need to be treated.
Cervical cancer - symptoms
Symptoms of cervical cancer include bleeding between or after menopause, and odorous discharge. They appear in advanced stages, initially the neoplasm does not give any signs.
Cervical cancer - diagnosis
It is possible to make a diagnosis by performing a cervical biopsy. The clinical advancement is reflected in the FIGO classification, which has four grades. Grade I- cervical cancer limited to the cervix only. Stage II - cancer that infiltrates structures outside the cervix, but does not reach the bony walls of the pelvis, it infiltrates the vagina not exceeding the lower 1/3 part.
Stage III - the cancer of the endometrium reaching the bony walls of the pelvis, occupying the vagina, exceeding 1/3 of the lower part. Stage IV - cancer crosses the pelvic border or infiltrates the mucosa of the bladder or rectum.
Cervical cancer - treatment
Treatment varies according to the stage of the cancer. In pre-cancerous or early stages, the most common procedure is excision of the tumor with a margin of he althy tissues, in more advanced conditions, the uterus and lymph nodes are removed, and when the condition is even more serious, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are also used.
In some patients, when there are no unfavorable prognostic factors and the stage of advancement is low, fertility-preserving treatment is possible, consisting in removing the cervix to the internal outlet with adjacent tissues.
Gynecological tumors - endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer is a cancer of the genital organs that occurs most frequently in developed countries. Most of the sick are postmenopausal women. It is also more common in obese women with diabetes or with polycystic ovary syndrome.
There are two types of endometrial cancer: type I - estrogen-dependent and type II - not related to hyperestrogenism. The estrogen-dependent type is much more common and has a better prognosis.
Endometrial cancer - symptoms
Endometrial cancer manifests itselfirregular bleeding, or bleeding that occurs regularly but in too much. Difficulties in controlling these problems with hormone therapy are an indication for an endometrial biopsy.
Endometrial cancer - diagnosis
Diagnostics is endometrial biopsy and staging the tumor. Imaging tests allow the assessment of organs adjacent to the uterus and finding distant metastases.
Endometrial cancer - treatment
Treatment consists in surgical removal of the uterus with appendages. In type II cancer, pelvic lymph nodes removal is also recommended. Radiotherapy is used when lymph nodes are involved or in people who cannot undergo surgery. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy are also used, which can be used in the case of type I cancer.
Gynecological tumors - uterine sarcomas
Uterine sarcomas are quite rare, but have a poor prognosis. There are leiomyosarcomas, stromal sarcomas, undifferentiated sarcomas, adenosarcomas and sarcomas. The most common is leiomyosarcoma, which metastasizes very quickly, most often to the lungs, while the best prognosis is stromal sarcoma.
Good to know: Sarcomas - types. Diagnosis and treatment of sarcomas
Uterine sarcomas - treatment
Treatment of leiomyosarcoma is based on the excision of the entire uterus and, in addition, chemotherapy. In the case of stromal and undifferentiated sarcoma, removal of the appendages is also recommended. Treatment for adenosarcoma, apart from removing the uterus with appendages, uses hormone therapy in adjuvant therapy, while in the case of sarcoma, the uterus with appendages and pelvic and peraortic lymph nodes are excised.
Gynecological tumors - ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is the cancer of the genital organs with the highest mortality. Risk factors for developing this cancer include infertility, a low number of pregnancies, early onset of menstruation, late transition age, high BMI and long-term use of estrogen replacement therapy.
Ovarian cancers can be divided into type I and type II due to the clinical picture. Type I cancers grow more slowly, are detected in the lower stages, and are less likely to metastasize within the abdominal cavity.
Type II cancers develop very aggressively and when detected, they are often scattered throughout the abdominal cavity. Unfortunately, type II is much more common. Otherthe division of ovarian tumors distinguishes serous, endometrioid, mucous, undifferentiated and clear cell carcinomas.
Ovarian cancer - symptoms
Low-stage ovarian cancer is asymptomatic. They appear as the disease continues and manifest as pain in the abdomen or pelvis, frequent urination, abdominal enlargement, flatulence, feeling of fullness. Advanced ovarian cancer presents with tumors in the abdomen that are detectable by physical examination, and there may also be ascites or pleural effusion.
Ovarian cancer - treatment
Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy and sometimes radiotherapy.
Gynecological neoplasms - germ cell tumors of the ovary
Terminal neoplasms of the ovary are non-epithelial malignant neoplasms. They are very rare and are usually completely curable. Terminal tumors are classified as malignant neoplasms from primary germ cells, non-monodermal teratomas, monodermal teratomas and somatic cell tumors coexisting with dermoid cysts.
Germinative tumors - symptoms
Germinal tumors grow extremely quickly, so there are pain and peritoneal symptoms. There may also be fluid in the peritoneal or pleural cavity.
Germinal tumors - treatment
Treatment consists of tumor excision, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Gynecological neoplasms - gonadal neoplasms
Ovarian gonadal neoplasms are also non-epithelial neoplasms. They are divided into granulomas, pebbles, fibroids, Sertoli cell tumors, Sertoli and Leydig cell tumors, and Leydig cell tumors.
Gonadal tumors - symptoms
Gonadal neoplasms can manifest themselves as menstrual disorders, peritoneal pain or ascites.
Gonadal tumors - treatment
Treatment is based on a surgical procedure supplemented with chemotherapy.
Gynecological tumors - vaginal cancer
Vaginal cancer is a rare cancer, usually in the late 60's. It often coexists with cancer of the vulva.
Vaginal cancer - symptoms
Initially, vaginal cancer shows no symptoms. In advanced stages, vaginal or discharge bleeding may occur.
Vaginal cancer - diagnosis
The progress of the process is indicated by the results of imaging tests, and often a cervix, endometrium or vulva biopsy is performed.
Vaginal cancer - treatment
Treatment is based on surgerysurgical in the case of low-advanced cancer, while in other cases, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used.
Good to know: Vaginal diseases - inflammation, Bartholin gland inflammation, cancer
Gynecological tumors - vaginal sarcoma
It is a cancer that occurs extremely rarely. Girls and infants develop acinar sarcoma. It leads to death very quickly if surgery to radically remove the entire mass of the tumor cannot be performed.
Gynecological tumors - cancer of the vulva
There is an increase in the incidence of vulvar cancer in the world. Risk factors for developing this cancer include HPV and HIV infection, vulvar lichen sclerosus, intraepithelial neoplasia, a large number of sexual partners, early sexual intercourse and smoking.
Cancer of the vulva - diagnosis
A gynecological and rectal examination, together with an examination of the inguinal lymph nodes, is usually sufficient to determine the stage of staging.
Cancer of the vulva - treatment
Treatment consists of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The vulva is most often removed, along with the inguinal lymph nodes.
Gynecological tumors - vulvar melanoma
Vulvar melanomas typically appear in postmenopausal women. Treatment consists in cutting out the lesion along with the tissue margin.
Gynecological tumors - acinar moles
The acinar is an enlargement of the trophoblast. It is formed in the event of an improper fertilization of the egg. It can be complete and in such a case no development of the fetus takes place, or partial development, which enables the development of the fetus, but it has numerous morphological defects.
Daphnia - symptoms
The symptoms of a breakfast may include excessive vomiting in pregnant women and symptoms of an overactive thyroid gland.
Bunion - diagnostics
The diagnosis of a moles is made by ultrasound. You can also test the level of the hCG hormone in different weeks of pregnancy.
Sunny bay - treatment
A molar infant should be evacuated from the cervix as quickly as possible. A partial birth may require drug termination.
Gynecological tumors - chorionic cancer
Chorionic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms in women, fortunately it is very rare. It can occur after complete or partial sleep, after an ectopic pregnancy or after childbirth, and in this case it isThe most dangerous. It very often metastasizes to the lungs, intestines, liver, kidneys and the central nervous system.
Chorionic cancer - symptoms
Chorionic cancer manifests itself through very non-specific symptoms. Uterine bleeding may occur early in the course of the disease. With time, symptoms caused by metastasis develop.
Chorionic cancer - diagnosis
The diagnosis is made on the basis of laboratory tests showing high levels of the hormone hCG in the blood serum.
Chorionic cancer - treatment
Treatment is based on chemotherapy. If there is no improvement, surgical treatment is considered. Multi-drug systemic chemotherapy has no effect on later pregnancies and the birth of a he althy child.